Errors in IPCC climate science

Article by Alan Moran pointing out that the behaviour of pro IPCC scientists as revealed in the Climategate emails, is nothing new. There is much to tell about the BoM of the early 1990’s.

The Balling, Idso and Hughes. 1992 paper “Long-Term and Recent Anomalous Temperature Changes in Australia.” – referred to in the ABC article is now scanned online.

Timeline of AGW research from two decades ago

• 1986 – Jones et al papers compiling hemispheric temperature trends, truly the birth of IPCC global warming. Note each journal paper was backed by the non peer reviewed “phone book” sized TR022 and TR027 station documentation and description of project methodology books published by the US Dept of Energy (now out of print).

I am working at getting both books online – probably too big a job for me – but the smaller southern hemisphere book TR027 should be done within a week – will be a world first.

If anybody could assist with scanning circa 250 A4 pages, we could get the giant northern hemisphere TR022 online – which would greatly assist a scheme to review data from the old USSR, the core of GW. Back to the timeline.

• 1988 – Dr Fred Wood published in the Elsevier journal his critique of Jones et al 1986 – online with the tetchy Wigley & Jones team reply. Reading Wood and the team reply is a great way to build your understanding of the poor science prevailing around the birth of GW.

• 1990 – The Australian BoM assembled their paper “Trends in Australian Temperature Records”, scanned online scroll a third way down page. This page found chapter and verse evidence of UHI bias in Australian city temperature records yet the BoM failed to Comment on Jones et al 1986 in the journals.

• 1991 – I started researching Australian temperature data at the Tasman Institute in Melbourne. By the end of 1991 I had three draft papers that were all circulated to the BoM and others for comments.

1. The Australian Record on “Global Warming” (TARGW), a 20 odd A4 page review of the Australian component of Jones et al 1986. I am progressively getting this online – some capital city figures have not survived in the word doc and I am reconstructing those. This blog article was on a section of TARGW.
2. The Introduction of the Stevenson Screen and the phasing out of Open Thermometer Stands, in Australian Meteorology. This was eventually published in 1995 in the International Journal of Climatology.
3. Heat Islands in Country Towns – South Eastern Australia. I have the text but graphics have not survived – would be a big job to reconstruct. (If anybody knows of a copy, please let me know).

• 1992 – The Balling, Idso and Hughes paper, “Long-Term and Recent Anomalous Temperature Changes in Australia.” published in Geophysical Research Letters – referred to in the ABC article is now scanned online. This was attacked by the BoM who ended up failing to get their Comment into GRL – the story of this is far too long for now and can wait till 2010.

• 1993-1995 The unpublished paper by Hughes and Balling , “Eastern Australia temperature variations 1930-1992″ is scanned online. Still the best attempt to compile a rural temperature trend for Eastern Australia.

It highlighted warming bias in the Australian component of the key IPCC paper – Jones et al 1990 letter to Nature Jones PD, Groisman PYa, Coughlan M, Plummer N, Wang WC, Karl TR (1990) Assessment of urbanization effects in time series of surface air temperatures over land. Nature 347:169-172

No wonder Hughes and Balling (~1995) was killed in review. The pro IPCC processes revealed in the Climategate emails are not new.

• 1996 – Warwick S. Hughes and Robert C. Balling, Jr. “Urban Influences on South African Temperature Trends.” International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 935-940.

In 1991 I was lucky to obtain 2 diskettes of rural South African data from a source in the Weerburo. The above paper spells out the urban warming bias in Jones et al southern African grid point data.

David Archibald has suggested I post the PowerPoint presentation of Dr Spencer’s paper from the final session of “The 2008 International Conference on Climate Change”, Sponsored by The Heartland Institute, March 2 – March 4, 2008 in New York. For an audio of Dr Spencer’s presentation.
Note my earlier posting on this subject, How MINISCULE is the Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect ? an html version of a 1998 paper by Sherwood B Idso in Vol 10: 69-82 of Climate Research, “CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic’s view of potential climate”.

Link to 400 kb pdf file of David’s provocative and original updated (May 2007) paper which says we are coming into a weaker solar cycle and that a cooler climate is likely in decades ahead. David also explains that the Greenhouse effect due to carbon dioxide is miniscule, as does the 1998 paper by Sherwood Idso.

See, How MINISCULE is the Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect ? an html version of a 1998 paper by Sherwood B Idso in Vol 10: 69-82 of Climate Research, “CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic’s view of potential climate”.

See also Jack Barrett’s paper: Greenhouse molecules, their spectra and function in the atmosphere

Guest essay by Dr Doug Hoyt

In the past few years, three articles have come out that, taken together, lead one to conclude that climate sensitivity is very low, being less than 1 C for a CO2 doubling compared to the 3 C figure favored by the IPCC.

The first article is by Levitus et al (2005). They conclude that the oceans warmed by 0.06 C between 1948 and 1998. It represented an increase in heat content of 2 x 10^23 joules.

In 2006, Lyman et al. showed that the oceans cooled between 2003 and 2005 with a net loss of energy of 0.32 x 10^23 joules. Climate models do not predict or allow for such cooling of the oceans.

In 2007, Gouretski and Koltermann showed that the early heat content measurements were incorrect because they did not take into account changes in instrumentation. They concluded that between 1955 and 1996 that the oceans only gained 1.28 x 10^23 joules with an uncertainty of 0.8 x 10^23 joules. Essentially the earlier Levitus paper was wrong.

Combining the Lyman and Gouretski papers, the net ocean heat content between 1955 and 2005 seems to be only 0.98 x 10^23 joules with an error of (0.8 + 0.11) x 10^23 joules or 0.91 x 10^23 joules, adding the error terms of the two papers. The net heat content change is therefore essentially statistically indistinguishable from zero. The net warming of the ocean from 1948 to the present seems to be only 0.03 +/- 0.03 C.

The corresponding net radiative imbalance is about 0.1 W/m^2, well below the model predictions which equal 0.85 W/m^2 for 1993 to 2003 (Hansen et al., 2005). Instead of a climate sensitivity of 3 C for a CO2 doubling, the climate sensitivity is only about 0.4 C. There is little or no energy “in the pipeline” and thus a good reason to believe that all the observed warming of the atmosphere has already occurred.
Read the rest of this entry »

This post is to highlight conclusions from a 1998 paper by Sherwood B Idso in Vol 10: 69-82 of Climate Research, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic’s view of potential climate".

Sherwood Idso finds that a consensus of 8 natural experiments he describes is that for a doubling of carbon dioxide to 600ppm, the global temperature might rise at most by 0.4 degrees C.
To save blog space the links below take readers to the relevant sections of an html version of Sherwood Idso’s paper.

Read the rest of this entry »

Warwick Hughes

E-mail: sanur2007 AT warwickhughes.com

Refereed Published Papers:

1992 Robert C. Balling, Jr., Sherwood B. Idso, and Warwick S. Hughes. “Long-Term and Recent Anomalous Temperature Changes in Australia.” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 19, No. 23, pp. 2317-2320.

1995 Robert C. Balling, Jr. and Warwick S. Hughes. “Comments on “Detecting Climate Change Concurrent with Deforestation in the Amazon Basin: Which Way Has It Gone ?” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 76, No. 4, 9. 559.

1995 Warwick S. Hughes. Comment on D.E. Parker, “Effects of Changing Exposure of Thermometers at Land Stations.” International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 15, pp. 231-234.

1996 Warwick S. Hughes and Robert C. Balling, Jr. “Urban Influences on South African Temperature Trends.” International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 935-940. Online at www.john-daly.com/s-africa.htm

1997 Warwick S. Hughes. Comment on, “Historical Thermometer Exposures in Australia.” by N. Nichols et al. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 17, pp. 197-199.

Douglas Hoyt

Douglas V. Hoyt is a solar physicist and climatologist who worked for more than thirty years as a research scientist in the field. He has worked at NOAA, NCAR, Sacramento Peak Observatory, the World Radiation Center, Research and Data Systems, and Raytheon where was a Senior Scientist. He has conducted research on issues related to climate change, changes in solar irradiance on all time scales, and the sun-climate connection.

His most recent publication is the book “The Role of the Sun in Climate Change” . He has published nearly 100 scientific papers on solar irradiance variations, the greenhouse effect, atmospheric transmission, aerosols, cloud cover, sunshine, radiative transfer, radiometers, solar activity, sunspot structure, sunspot decay rates, and the history of solar observations.

He has received no funding from any fossil fuel entity or government entity. His work is influenced only by the data and the study of the scientific literature.

E-mail: dhoytwv AT gmail.com

Publications

Hoyt, D. V., 1998. Does the sun play a role in climate change? Center for Global Change, vol. 5, no. 2. (Raytheon ITSS Newsletter).

Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1998. Group sunspot numbers: A new solar activity reconstruction. Part 2. Solar Physics, 181, 491-512.

Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1998. Group sunspot numbers: A new solar activity reconstruction. Part 1. Solar Physics, 179, 189-219.

Schatten, K. H. and D. V. Hoyt, 1998. Solar cycle 23 forecast update. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 599-601.

Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1997. The Role of the Sun in Climate Change , Oxford University Press, 279 pp.

Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1996. How well was the Maunder Minimum observed? Solar Physics, 165, 181-192.

Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1995. Overlooked sunspot observations by Hevelius in the early Maunder Minimum, 1653-1684. Solar Physics, 160. 371-378. Hoyt,

D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1995 Observations of sunspots by Flamsteed during the Maunder Minimum. Solar Physics, 160, 379-385.

Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1995. A new interpretation of Christian Horrebow’s sunspot observations from 1761 to 1777. Solar Physics, 160, 387-392.

Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1995. A revised listing of the number of sunspot groups made by Pastorff, 1819 to 1833. Solar Physics, 160, 393-399.

Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1995. Arguments favoring solar irradiance variations as a major factor in climatic change on decadal and longer time scales. IUGG Assembly, Boulder, CO.

Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1995. A new reconstruction of solar activity based upon telescopic observations. IUGG Assembly. Boulder, CO.

Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1994. The one hundredth year of Rudolf Wolf’s death: Do we have the correct reconstruction of solar activity? Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2067-2070.

Hoyt, D. V., K. H. Schatten, and E. Nesme-Ribes, 1994. A new reconstruction of solar activity, 1610-1993. NATO Advanced Research Workshop Proceedings, The Solar Engine and Its Influence on Terrestrial Atmosphere and Climate.

Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1994. A homogeneous solar activity reconstruction based on historical observations, 1610-1993. Eos, 75, 289.

Kyle, H. L., D. V. Hoyt, and J. R. Hickey, 1994. A review of the Nimbus-7 ERB solar dataset. Solar Physics, 152, 9-12.

Kyle, H. L., L. M. Penn, and D. V. Hoyt, 1994. Compact Nimbus-7 solar raw data archieve. Eos, 75, 78.

Chapman, G. A., A. M. Cookson, and D. V. Hoyt, 1994. Solar irradiance from Nimbus-7 compared to ground-based radiometry. Solar Physics, 149, 249-256.

Hoyt, D. V. and K. H. Schatten, 1993. A discussion of plausible solar irradiance variations, 1700-1992. J. Geophys. Res., 98A, 18895-18906.

Kyle, H. L., D. V. Hoyt, J. R. Hickey, R. H. Maschhoff, and B. J. Vallette, 1993. Nimbus-7 Earth Radiation Budget calibration history – Part I: The solar channels. NASA RP-1316, 80 pp.

Kyle, H. L., D. V. Hoyt, and J. R. Hickey, 1993. The 14-year Nimbus-7 solar dataset. Eos, 74, 246.

Kyle, H. L., D. V. Hoyt, and J. R. Hickey, 1992. The possible accuracy of multidecade total solar irradiances. Eos, 73, 433.

Hoyt, D. V. and K. H. Schatten, 1992. A new look at the Wolf sunspot numbers in the late 1700’s. Solar Physics, 138, 387-397.

Hoyt, D. V. and K. H. Schatten, 1992. New information on solar activity, 1779-1818, from Sir William Herschel’s unpublished notebooks. Ap.J., 384, 361-384.

Hoyt, D. V. and K. H. Schatten, 1992. Sir William Herschel’s notebooks: Abstracts of solar observations. Ap. J. Supplements, 78, 301-340.

Hoyt, D. V., H. L. Kyle, J. R. Hickey, and R. H. Maschhoff, 1992. The Nimbus-7 solar total irradiance: A new algorithm for its determination. J. Geophys. Res. 97A, 51-63.

Ardanuy, P. E., H. L. Kyle, and D. V. Hoyt, 1992. Global relationships among the Earth’s radiation budget, cloudiness, volcanic aerosols, and surface temperature. J. Clim., 5, 1120-1139.

Hoyt, D. V., H. L. Kyle, J. R. Hickey, and R. H. Maschhoff, 1992. Nimbus-7: Over twelve years of solar total irradiance measurements. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Solar Electromagnetic Radiation Study for Solar Cycle 22 R.F. Donnelly, ed.), Boulder, CO, June 4-6, 1991, 43-48.

Hoyt, D. V., K. H. Schatten and H. L. Kyle, 1992. A discussion of proxy indices related to solar irradiance variations. EOS, 73, 243.

Hickey, J. R., H. L. Kyle, D.V. Hoyt, and P. E. Ardanuy, 1992. Nimbus-7 ERB total solar irradiances for 158 months. EOS, 73, 242.

Chapman, G. A., A. Cookson, and D. V. Hoyt, 1992. Ground-based photometry compared to solar irradiance from spacecraft, June 1 to December 31, 1988. EOS, 73, 242.

Ardanuy, P. E., D. V. Hoyt, and H. L. Kyle, 1992. Evidence for Sun-climate-greenhouse gas connections over the last decade. EOS, 73, 243.

Hoyt, D. V., K. H. Schatten, and H. L. Kyle, 1992. Secular variations in solar luminosity : A model and a search for experimental supporting evidence. Annales Geophysicae, 10, C368.

Kyle, H. L., D. V. Hoyt, and J. R. Hickey, 1992. Comparison of the measured total irradiance during solar maximum for cycles 21 and 22. Annales Geophysicae, 10, C368.

Chapman, G. A. and D. V. Hoyt, 1991. Ground-based photometry and interpolated Nimbus-7 total solar irradiance. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc., 23, 1442. Hoyt, D. V. and H. L. Kyle, 1991. Recent solar total irradiance variations measured by the Nimbus-7 satellite. Eos, 72, 223.

Hoyt, D. V., 1990. Effects of atmospheric composition and viewing geometry on MODIS and AVHRR normalized difference vegetation indices. Remote Sensing Science for the Nineties (IGARRS ‘90), 2, 253-256.

Hoyt, D. V., 1990. Using the boundary conditions of sunspots as a technique for monitoring solar luminosity variations. Climate Impact of Solar Variability (K. Schatten and A. Arking, eds.), NASA Conference Publication 3086, 42-49.

Hoyt, D. V. and H. L. Kyle, 1990. An alternative derivation of the Nimbus-7 total solar irradiance. Climate Impact of Solar Variability (K. Schatten and A. Arking, eds.), NASA Conference Publication 3086, 293-300.

Hoyt, D. V., H. L. Kyle, J. R. Hickey, and R. B. Lee, 1989. Nimbus-7 and ERBE solar irradiance measurements during the rising portion of cycle 22. Eos, 70, 34.

Kyle, H. L., P. E. Ardanuy, and D. V. Hoyt, 1989. The nine year Nimbus-7 Earth radiation budget data set. Eos, 70, 72.

Ardanuy, P.E., H.L. Kyle, D.V. Hoyt, and D. Han, 1989. Interannual variability of the Earth’s climate during the last decade as observed by the Nimbus-7 spacecraft. 18th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, May 16-19, San Diego, CA, Am. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA, J5-7.

Hickey, J. R., B. M. Alton, H. L. Kyle, and D. V. Hoyt, 1988. Total solar irradiance measurements by ERB/Nimbus-7. A review of nine years. Space Sci. Rev., 48, 321-342.

Hoyt, D. V., H. L. Kyle, and J. R. Hickey, 1988. Recent measurements of the solar constant by Nimbus-7. Eos, 69, 453.

Han, D., V. Salomonson, J. Ormsby, P. Ardanuy, A. McKay, D. Hoyt, S. Jaffin, B. Vallette, B. Sharts, D. Folta, E. Hurley, and D. MacMillan, 1988. MODIS information, data, and control system (MIDACS): System specifications and conceptual design. NASA Tech. Memo. 100721, 110 pp.

Han, D., P. Ardanuy, D. Folta, D. Hoyt, E. Hurley, S. Jaffin, D. MacMillan, A. McKay, J. Ormsby, V. Salomonson, and B. Sharts, 1988. MODIS information, data, and control system (MIDACS), GSFC Document D-8805, 115 pp.

Hoyt, D. V.,1987. Shortwave Internal Calibration Sources (SWICS) on ERBS and NOAA-9. Proc. of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. 20th Meeting, Seattle, WA.

Hoyt, D. V., 1985. Response to letter on forecasting skill. Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 66, 849.

Eddy, J. A. and D. V. Hoyt, 1984. Reply to “Comment: Modulation of Solar Irradiance by Active Regions”. Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 158. Hoyt, D. V. and C. Frohlich, 1983. Atmospheric transmission at Davos, Switzerland, 1909-1979. Climatic Change, 5, 61-72.

Hoyt, D. V., 1983. Variations in the solar constant caused by sunspots and faculae: An updated look Weather and Climate Responses to Solar Variations (B.M. McCormac, ed.), Colorado Associated University Press, 81-86.

Hoyt, D. V., J. A. Eddy, and H. S. Hudson, 1983. Sunspot areas and sunspot blocking during 1980. Ap. J., 275, 878-888.

Hoyt, D. V. and J. A. Eddy, 1983. Solar irradiance modulation by active regions from 1969 through 1981. Geophys. Res. Lett., 10, 509-512. Hoyt, D. V., 1983. The probability of correct climate forecasts in the absence of any forecasting skill. Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 64, 1172-1173.

Eddy, J. A., D. V. Hoyt, and O. R. White, 1982. Reconstructed values of the solar constant from 1874 to the present, A collection of Extended Abstracts Presented at the Symposium of the Solar Constant and the Spectral Distribution of Solar Irradiance (J. London and C. Frohlich, eds.), IAMAP Third Scientific Assembly, Hamburg, 17-20 Aug., 1981, 2934.

Hoyt, D. V. and R. A. Siquig, 1982. Possible influences of volcanic dust veils or changes in solar luminosity on long-term temperature records. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 680-685.

Eddy, J. A. and D. V. Hoyt, 1982. Calculated solar constant variations from 1874 through 1981. XXIV COSPAR Abstracts, Ottawa, Canada, 16 May – 2 June, 1982, 5.

Hoyt, D. V. and J. A. Eddy, 1982. An atlas of variations in the solar constant caused by sunspot blocking and facular emission from 1874 to 1981. NCAR Tech. Note TN/194+STR, Boulder, CO, 106 pp.

Hoyt, D. V. and J. A. Eddy, 1982. Calculated solar constant variations from 1874 through 1981 caused by active regions. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc., 14, 575.

Eddy, J. A., R. L. Gilliland, and D. V. Hoyt, 1982: Changes in the solar constant and climatic effects. Nature, 300, 689-693. Hoyt, D. V., 1981. Weather records and climatic change . Climatic Change, 3, 243-249.

Hoyt, D. V., C. P. Turner, and R. D. Evans, 1980. Trends in atmospheric transmission at three locations in the United States from 1940 to 1977. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1430-1439.

Hoyt, D. V., 1980. Climatic change and solar variability. Weatherwise, 33, 65-69.

Butler, C. P. and D. V. Hoyt, 1980. Measuring the solar constant at Mt. Montezuma. Sun World, 4, 81-86.

Hoyt, D. V., 1979. Theoretical calculations of the true solar noon atmospheric transmission. SOLMET, Vol. 2, Final Report, Hourly Solar Radiation, Surface Meteorological Observations, TD-9724, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 119-163.

Hoyt, D. V., 1979. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory solar constant program. Revs. Geophys. and Space Physics, 17, 427-458.

Hoyt, D. V., 1979. Pyrheliometric and circumsolar sky radiation measurements by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory from 1923 to 1954. Tellus, 31, 217-229.

Hoyt, D. V., 1979. Variations in the solar constant caused by changes in the active features of the sun. Solar-Terrestrial Influences on Weather and Climate (B. M. McCormac and T. A. Seliga, eds.), D. Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, 65-68.

Hoyt, D. V., 1979. The apparent atmospheric transmission using the pyrheliometric ratioing techniques. Appl. Optics, 18, 2530-2531.

Hoyt, D. V., 1979. Variations in sunspot structure and climate . Climatic Change, 2, 79-92.

Siquig, R. A., and D. V. Hoyt, 1979. Global temperature trends: Possible dependence on variations in sunspot structure. EOS, 60, 272.

Hoyt, D. V., 1979. Atmospheric transmission from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory pyrheliometric measurements from 1923 to 1957. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 5018-5028.

Hoyt, D. V., 1979. An empirical determination of the heating of the Earth by the carbon dioxide greenhouse effect. Nature, 282, 388-390.

Siquig, R. A., and D. V. Hoyt, 1979. Sunspot structure and climate of the last one hundred years, Conference on the Ancient Sun, Boulder, CO, Oct. 15-19, 93-95.

Hoyt, D. V., 1979. An error in the rehabilitation of the National Weather Service solar radiation data. Solar Energy, 23, 557-559.

Hoyt, D. V., 1978. Interannual cloud cover variations in the contiguous United States. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 354-357.

Hoyt, D. V., 1978. Reply (to Court). Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 573.

Hoyt, D. V., 1978. A model for the calculation of solar global insolation. Solar Energy, 21, 27-35.

Hoyt, D. V., 1978. Variations in the solar constant measurements of Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 1923-1954. Third Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, June 28-30, Davis, CA, 315-317.

Hoyt, D. V., 1978. An explosive volcanic eruption in the Southern Hemisphere in 1928. Nature, 275, 630-632.

Hoyt, D. V., 1977. A redetermination of the Rayleigh optical depth and its application to selected solar radiation problems. J. Appl. Meteor., 16, 432-436.

Hoyt, D. V., 1977. Percent of possible sunshine and total cloud cover. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 648-652.

Hoyt, D. V. 1977. Comments on Climatic change: An appraisal of atmospheric feedback mechanisms employing zonal climatology. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1824-1825.

Hoyt, D. V., 1976. The radiation and energy budgets of the Earth using both ground-based and satellite-derived values of total cloud cover. NOAA Tech. Rept. ERL 362-ARL 4, 124 pp.

Hoyt, D. V., 1975. New calculations of the Linke turbidity factor. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 101, 383-395.

Hoyt, D. V., 1975. The energy budget of the Earth. Second Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, Oct. 29-31, Arlington, VA., 159-162.

Hoyt, D. V., 1974. A review of presently available solar radiation instruments. 1973 Solar Energy Workshop (C. Turner, ed.), NSF-RA-N-74-062, 37-41.

Hoyt, D. V. and G. A. Herbert, 1974. Ground-based measurements of solar radiation by Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change (U.S.A.). Special Environmental Report No. 3, Observation and Measurement of Atmospheric Pollution, WMO No. 368, 506-515.

Pack, D. H., R. Fegley, G. Herbert, D. Hoyt, W. Komhyr, J. Miller, and C. Turner, 1974. Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change -The NOAA Program. Special Environmental Report No. 3, Observation and Measurement of Atmospheric Pollution, WMO No. 368, 334-345.

Sasamori, T., J. London, and D. V. Hoyt, 1973. Radiation budget of the Southern Hemisphere, in Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. Am. Meteor. Soc., Boston, 9, 23.